The EightThirtyTwo ISA – Part 12 – 2019-12-07

Since my last post I’ve put some further work into the EightThirtyTwo vbcc backend, and I now have it working well enough to compile a working Dhrystone benchmark. That’s the good news. Here’s the bad news:

User time: 1541
Microseconds for one run through Dhrystone: 61 
Dhrystones per Second:                      16223 
VAX MIPS rating * 1000 = 9231 

OK, that’s not terrible, but it’s not as high as I was hoping.

The EightThirtyTwo ISA – Part 11 – 2019-11-29

One of the first library functions to implement when experimenting with a new architecture is puts(), allowing the archetypal Hello World program to announce its presence.

The C standard printf() function is a bit trickier – for a number of reasons…

The EightThirtyTwo ISA – Part 10 – 2019-11-16

One of the main goals with a pipelined CPU is keeping the pipleline as full as possible at all times. The biggest obstacle to this goal is the existence of ‘hazards’ – situations where what’s about to happen at the beginning of the pipeline depends on an outcome that’s yet to be determined further down the line. This is a particular weakness of the EightThirtyTwo CPU: because we have only eight registers, and because many operations involve the tmp register, there’s a good chance that any given instruction will depend on the result of the previous one. One way around this is to use results forwarding where, for example, a result calculated in the ALU can be sent directly to the ALU’s inputs for the next instruction rather than being first written to and then read again from the register file.

I haven’t yet attempted to implement this for the EightThirtyTwo. Instead, I’ve attempted something far less sane for a lightweight CPU – dual-threading!

The EightThirtyTwo ISA – Part 9 – 2019-10-28

Having managed to get the CPU working well enough to run a Hello World program, I’ve since persuaded it to run the LZ4 decompression program I posted a week or two back, too – and was pleasantly surprised to find it running happily at 133MHz on my DE2 board.

I’ve been pondering how best to handle interrupts on this CPU, and realised that I’ve painted myself into a bit of corner by using the tmp register as a link register when branching; this means that without adding some kind of temporary storage register or stack logic especially for the task, I can’t change the program flow externally – such as in response to an interrupt – without losing the contents of the tmp register.

The EightThirtyTwo ISA – Part 8 – 2019-10-20

Over the last few weeks I’ve been working on a VHDL implementation of the EightThirtyTwo ISA, using the excellent combination of GHDL and GtkWave to develop, debug, rip up, start over and ultimately produce something capable of sending “Hello, World!” to a UART.

The EightThirtyTwo ISA – Part 7 – 2019-09-26

Last time I said I would show some real-life code for this new ISA. I’ve already shown some very simple “Hello World” code, and I’m now in the slow, careful process of implementing a CPU to run this – and exploring the wonderful world of HDL simulation in the process! But in the meantime, by far the best way to get a feel for how well an instruction set works is to write some actual code for it, and see which issues and limitations you bump into.

The EightThirtyTwo ISA – Part 6 – 2019-09-15

In my baby-steps towards a working VBCC backend I now have something complete enough at least to send the text “Hello world!” to a UART. There’s a long way to go yet before it (a) works and (b) produces code that’s even remotely efficient, but it’s a start. In the process I’ve found and addressed some shortcomings in the ISA, and made a few tweaks to the instruction set and encoding.

The EightThirtyTwo ISA – Part 5 – 2019-08-24

Before proceeding very much further with the EightThirtyTwo design I wanted to have some way of generating code for it from a higher-level language, just to get a better feel for which instructions are useful for compilers, which will be pretty much unused and where I might find any gaps that make the generated code unneccessarily clumsy. The most obvious route to this goal is to find a C compiler that can be easily retargetted to a new architecture. (Anyone who’s attempted this before is probably laughing now at my use of the word ‘easily’!)

The EightThirtyTwo ISA – Part 4 – 2019-08-14

In order to experiment properly with the instruction set I need some way of assembling and running programs. Luckily I wrote a ZPU simulator some time ago, and this is easily re-purposed for the EightThirtyTwo instruction set. The simulator is part of the EightThirtyTwo project on github.

In the longer term, to be useful this ISA will need a fully-functional toolchain, which means writing a backend for GCC – or perhaps LLVM, or maybe even lcc, vbcc, or some other C compiler. That’s going to be a rabbit hole in its own right, however, and for now we just want a quick and easy way of turning an assembly listing into a binary file of bytes ready for execution.

The EightThirtyTwo ISA – Part 3 – 2019-08-12

My initial plan for the EightThirtyTwo ISA was to define eight general purpose registers, and use the ninth “temp” register as an accumulator. Immediate values would be assigned here, as would the result of any arithmetic operations. The best way to test the concept is, of course, to write some actual code. So let’s see what simple looping looks like with this concept:

  li 99 // (needs two li instructions since 99 doesn't fit within a signed 6-bit value)
  mr r0
.bottles_of_beer:
  // take one down, pass it around
  li 1
  sub r0
  mr r0
  cond NEQ  // Disable execution if we've reached zero
  li .bottles_of_beer
  mr r7   // if not, do another iteration
  cond EX // return to normal execution  

That’s not too bad – weighing in at 10 bytes – way better than MIPS, but 68K beats us easily thanks to its dbf instruction. Let’s try something more involved…